Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov: a historical portrait. Biography, reforms, politics and the results of the reign of Alexei Romanov

March 19, 1629, the second king was born a newthe Russian monarch's dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. The historical portrait of this ruler draws the image of a rather intelligent, skilful and tolerant monarch.

Youth of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov

Biography of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanovinteresting. His mother was E.L. Streshneva is the daughter of the unimportant petty boyars. Until the age of five Alexey was under the care of numerous mothers and nannies. Boyarin BI Morozov became the tutor of the young king. By the age of six the king had mastered the letter, the first books he had read were: the chapel, the Acts of the Apostles, the Psalter. Alexey loved reading so much that he already had his own children's library by the age of 12. His favorite books include Cosmography, Lexicon and Grammar, published in the Principality of Lithuania. Among his toys were children's armor of German masters, musical instruments, printed sheets (pictures). Lyubov Alexey Mikhailovich and mobile classes, since childhood he was fond of falconry, and in adulthood, even wrote a treatise on falconry. The biography of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov points to the enormous influence that the guardian had on his ward. By the age of fourteen, the young Alexei Mikhailovich was introduced to the people, and at the age of sixteen, after the death of his father and mother, ascended the throne.

The first years of reign

The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov began in1645 year. Youth and inexperience at the beginning of the ruler was so great that all the important and urgent governance issues are concentrated in the hands of B.I.Morozova. But an excellent education and talent ruler made themselves felt, and soon to take government decisions himself became Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Historical portrait of his reign those years outlines the complexities and contradictions of domestic and foreign policy of Russia. The active involvement of foreign advisers in the country led to reforms.

At this time, the character of the king appears. An educated, benevolent and calm person - that's what Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov looked like in the eyes of his contemporaries. The nickname "Quiet" the king received quite deservedly. But, if necessary, he could show will, determination, and sometimes even cruelty.

Cathedral Code

Reform of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov laidthe beginning of the creation of the Cathedral Code - the first set of laws of the Russian state. Prior to this, refereeing in Russia was guided by various, often contradictory decrees, extracts and orders. To the adoption of the code of the tsar, Salt's rebellion prompted new duties on salt. The instigators offered the tsar to put in order the rules of trade in salt and to convene the Zemstvo assembly. At that time, the king was forced to make concessions, but after the adoption of the Code, the Zemsky Sobor lost its authority and was soon dissolved.

Marriage of the Tsar

Soon after the ascension to the throne the king was foundbride. She was Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya - a girl from an old and noble boyar family. At that time, kings did not seek brides abroad, but chose their wives from successful boyar houses. For the opportunity to become related with the royal family, several boyar families fought. In the Assumption Cathedral on prayer the king saw the virgin Mary of the Miloslavskys. It is unlikely that this meeting was an accident.

Be that as it may, this marriage was successful andlong-term. Until her death, the king revered his queen, was an exemplary family man and made with her thirteen children, three of whom were later rulers of the country.

Church split

The influence of the church at the beginning of Alexei's reignMikhailovich was so great that the patriarch Nikon was granted the title of "Great Sovereign". So, the king recognized the equality of power between himself and the lord of the church. But this caused discontent of the boyars, since Nikon demanded from them complete obedience and absolute non-interference in church affairs. But, as time showed, this co-operation had its own essential shortcomings.

Nikon considered that he had the right to indicate to the tsar howto do business state. The influence of the aristocracy and the boyars on the tsar diminished. The sources of such influence should be sought in the education that Alexei Romanov received. The historical portrait and notes of contemporaries show us the image of a very God-fearing, religious person. To reduce the influence of Nikon was possible only one way. At the beginning of 1658, the archpriest of the Kazan Cathedral addressed the king with a direct question: "How long do you endure such a God's enemy?" And for the king there were no more humiliating reproaches than those who infringed on his royal authority and doubted the authority of the autocracy. Opposition was inevitable and eventually led to a split. The formal reason was the insult of Nikon by the boyars, after which he loudly pulled away from the rank of patriarch and went to the monastery. In 1666 the Ecumenical Council demolishes Nikon and officially deprives him of his rank. Since then, the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov has become truly autocratic, and he extends his power even to the Church.

Politics of Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov

External relations were of particular interest forking. The request of the Cossack centurion Khmelnitsky to stop the Poles intervention was heard by the autocrat. The Zemsky Sobor of 1653 accepted the citizenship of the Ukrainian Cossacks and promised them military support. In May 1654 Russian troops marched and occupied Smolensk. By order of the tsar, in the spring of 1654 military operations were continued, and the cities of Kovno, Brodno and Vilno became Russian.

The Swedish war was launched, which endeddefeat. Troubles in Ukraine, which began soon after Khmelnitsky's death, demanded the resumption of hostilities with Poland. January 8, 1654 at the Pereyaslav Rada was finally recorded the entry of Ukraine into Russia. Much later, in 1667, Poland agreed to new borders, and the treaty on Ukraine's accession to Russia began to be recognized at the international level. The defense of the southern borders of the state was successfully carried out, such cities as Nerchinsk, Irkutsk and Seleginsk were built.

Rioting age

Many decisions related to the development of Siberia andexpansion of the territory of the country, was personally hosted by Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. The historical portrait of the autocrat of all Russia would be incomplete without realizing the most severe internal contradictions and tensions with which he happened to encounter during the reign. It is no accident that the 17th century will later be called "Buntar" because of the constant uprisings that outraged the state. Especially it is worth noting the riot of Stepan Razin, the suppression of which had to be spent a lot of time and effort.

The economic policy of the tsar encouraged the creationmanufactories and expansion of foreign trade. The tsar patronized Russian trade, protecting his domestic market from foreign goods. There were also miscalculations in economic policy. A reckless decision to equate the cost of copper money to silver caused popular murmurings and led to the devaluation of the ruble.

The last years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich

After the death of his beloved wife, the tsar married again. His choice was N.K. Naryshkin, who gave him three children, including the future Emperor Peter 1.

The king paid much attention to education andinstructed the Ambassadorial decree to translate foreign literature and various scientific works into Russian. Among the approximate tsar was a lot of those who read books of ancient writers, had their own libraries and fluent in foreign languages. The second wife of the tsar was fond of theater, and for her at the palace was specially created its own small theater. Alexei Mikhailovich died at the age of 47 years.

Results of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov

The results of the reign of this king can be described as follows:

• The autocracy became stronger - the power of the tsar was no longer limited to the Church.
• There was a complete enslavement of the peasants.
• There was a Council Code, which became the beginning of judicial reforms in Russia.
• As a result of the reign of this king, the border of the Russian state expanded - Ukraine was annexed, and the development of Siberia began.

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